佩弦:<span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">感谢我喜欢的高级摄影师罗海老师。今晚继续奉献我的课堂笔记。一大堆干货即将来袭》》》》</span><img src="http://jichengxin.com/nice/empty22.png" style="width: 22px; height: 22px;" /><img src="/nice/empty22.png" style="width: 22px!important; height: 22px!important; background: url(/nice/nicEditorIcons-large-m.png) -88px -36px;" /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"></span> <br /> </p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="color: rgb(34, 174, 80); font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"><strong>一、光圈是什么</strong></span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">光圈是用来控制光线透过镜头进入机身内感光面的一个光亮的装置,通常是在镜头内。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">表达光圈大小我们用F值。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">对于一个已经制定好的镜头我们没办法随意改变它的直径,但是可以通过镜头内部由小叶片组成的部件来改变镜头进光孔的大小,这个装置就叫光圈。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(34, 174, 80);">二、光圈的参数符号</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">F-代表光圈的大小。常见的光圈数值如下:</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">(红色是极端的数值,白色是常见的光圈数值段)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">目前最小的光圈值数值是F22。 </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">光圈F值的大小是反向记忆:(敲黑板啊~~~)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(252, 29, 0);">光圈 F 值越小,通光孔径越大,光圈越大~!</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(252, 29, 0);"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(252, 29, 0);">光圈 F 值越大,通光孔径越小,光圈越小~!</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在同一单位时间内的进光量,不同的光圈进光量也不同,如F8到F5.6,那么进光量要大一倍,也就是光圈开大了一级,F5.6是F8的通光量的两倍。同理,F2是F8的四倍,等于是开大了四级。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">光圈的作用在于决定镜头的进光量,光圈越小,进光量越少,反之则反。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">换言之,</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在快门速度不变的情况下,光圈F值数字越小,光圈越大,进光量越多,画面越明亮;光圈F值越大,光圈越小,进光量越少,画面越暗。</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><br /></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">人眼的构造与相机非常相似。光线强的环境瞳孔会缩小来减少进光量以更清晰地看到图像。因此,在比较暗的拍摄环境下,就应当通过调节光圈值来减少进光量。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(34, 174, 80);">三、如何选择光圈进行拍摄——根据需要拍摄的效果来决定</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">大家可能也听说过把光圈缩小,景深可以变得更深,画面质量会变得更好。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">但其实不然,<span style="color: rgb(252, 29, 0);">要避免过小的光圈</span>。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">光圈的最小数值可以达到F22,但职业摄影师通常很少会这样使用。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">如下图,用F8和F22两个光圈值进行拍摄:</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">(左图-F8,右图-F22。主要观察铁架四周的锐度,很明显,F22的画质明显没有F8好。)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">这只是一个小例子。所以,一定要避免过小的光圈。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">但,什么是最好</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">最安全的光圈范围,建议控制在F8-F11之间</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">,我们老师在拍大场景和深景深的时候常用的就是F11的光圈值。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">PS:老师提醒:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在调整曝光组合——快门、ISO及光圈这三个数值的时候,为了保证它的曝光量相同,这三个数值一定要由两个同时调整。如果只调整某一个,比如快门不变,ISO不变,光圈由F8变成了F22,那么如果F8是正常曝光的话,那F22拍出来的图片肯定是黑的。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(252, 29, 0);">前清晰后朦胧的照片通常称之为小景深</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">的图片。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">景深的形成其实跟光圈有很大的关系,在不同光圈下景深的范围大小也不一样。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">下图中,<strong>把模糊的部分阴影遮盖住,那么清晰的部分其实就是我们常说的“景深”。</strong></span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">如果用相机拍摄出来的物体或人就是主体和背景都很清晰,这就是有可能就是由于光圈的问题造成的。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">但是影响景深的元素还有很多,如可以</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">用手机离摄影主体更近也会拍出这种前清晰后朦胧的效果</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">,这就是受摄影主体远近距离而影响。</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">再比</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">如感光材料的问题</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">,就算是普通相机也要比DC的传感器要大很多,更容易拍出前清晰后朦胧的效果。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在拍摄角度和曝光不变的情况下,由于光圈的变化,下图这些瓶子的景深的变化。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">上图中,光圈越来越小,而光圈值越来越大,景深(清晰图像范围)也变得越来越大。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">因此,</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(252, 29, 0);">光圈越大,F值越小,景深越浅。反之则反。</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(34, 174, 80);">四、大光圈与小光圈在实际拍摄过程中的作用与效果</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">1.大光圈</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">大光圈通常用F1.4、F1.8、F2.8这些小数值的光圈来进行拍摄。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在同一快门时间下,大光圈可以让更多的光线进入相机,从而曝光增加,</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">照片会更明亮</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">。在同等光线下,大光圈会让快门速度提升,可以有效拍出更好的照片,甚至是空中物体瞬间凝固的效果。另外就是</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">小景深效果</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">,杂乱的背景虚化掉,突出主体。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">2.小光圈</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">如F11、F16等。减少光线的进入其实就是缩小光圈后,可以用更慢的快门速度长时间进行曝光,比如下图捕捉到的车流灯光的轨迹:</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">小光圈拍摄灯光光就会变成一个</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">点光源散射状</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">的效果,如下图:</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">另外,要让整个画面的所有物体都清晰就是需要小光圈进行拍摄。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在拍摄风景的时候特别是在有三脚架辅助拍摄夜景时,都需要整个场景都保持清晰的效果。再如户拍摄丝滑效果的外雾化的水时,如果没有偏振镜、减光镜,那么就可以用小光圈进行拍摄,让快门数值整体往下降,达到相对较慢的快门速度,也能达到这样的效果。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">PS:老师提醒:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在每一次拍摄之前一定要多去思考,某个场景的照片应该怎样拍。考虑清楚再摁快门。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(34, 174, 80);">五、如何选择光圈的使用</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">1.首选考虑选择拍摄的主体,背景与主体的关系(凸出主体——大光圈,小景深)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">2.手持还是有三脚架支撑(手持——大光圈,安全的快门速度,对焦清晰)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">3.拍摄的主体是否在动(动——大光圈,帮助提高快门速度)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">4.拍摄的环境光线是否充足(充足——大小光圈均可)</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(34, 174, 80);">六、关于相机拨盘上光圈优先的模式</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">不同相机表示的符号也不一样:</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">佳能相机——AV</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">尼康相机——A</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">全自动模式:什么都不可调,很傻瓜,适合初学者;</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">P档(程序模式):光圈、快门、ISO都动不了,可以调节白平衡、闪光等;</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">光圈优先模式:除了快门是自动之外,光圈、ISO、白平衡、曝光补偿等均可调整,自我发挥的空间较大。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">在拍摄中由于光圈的调整,会自动给一个快门数值,安全快门的数值建议</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">不要低于1/30秒</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">。否则,拍出来的照片肯定是虚的。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">ps:拍摄过程中,</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">摁下快门时建议闭气。</span></strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">因为吸气时身体是晃动的。</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">不适合光圈优先模式:</span></strong></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">如快速运动物体,应选择快门优先模式S档(TV档),</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">夜景——手动模式,以控制曝光</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">多张照片或全景照片——每一张的曝光都不一样,会导致后期的拼合不协调</span></p> <hr /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <br /><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">——————OVER——————希望我能更勤快一点,下次不要逃课。也希望大家掌握理论和技巧之后平日里费点时间多练习!多练习!练习!~</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;">下次再见~</span></p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: Arial;"> </span> <div contenteditable="true" class="ephox-sloth-bin_86508932111499439774114" style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 0px; height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><font face="仿宋_GB2312"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">目前最小的光圈值数值是</span></font><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">F22。</span> <br /> </div>